It is well settled that in order to convict, a defendant's guilt must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. The Constitutional basis for this rule of law is:

Robbery in the state of Akanassee is defined as "taking the personal property of another, from their person or presence, by force or intimidation, with the intent to permanently deprive them thereof." David is caught on tape knocking over the fragile Ms. Ross and yanking her necklace from her neck. When he is caught several months later, the necklace is found in his apartment in an express mail envelope which is stamped and addressed to Ms. Ross. Can he be convicted of robbery?

Robbery in the state of Akanassee is defined as "taking the personal property of another, from their person or presence, by force or intimidation, with the intent to permanently deprive them thereof." Jodie is caught on tape taking $10 from Andrea at knifepoint. When arrested Jodie swears it was just a prank. While Jodie is in jail, Andrea receives a letter mailed from Jodie home which contains the $10 bill. Can Jodie be convicted of robbery?

In the state of Calizona the legislature approved the following Rule of Procedure: "All judges shall inform their juries of the Defendant's presumption of innocence in criminal cases and that the prosecution bears the burden of demonstrating that the defendant has satisfied every element of the crime in question beyond a reasonable doubt." If a judge reads this verbatim to a jury and says nothing more, has the jury been properly instructed regarding these matters?